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argument from silence
To make an argument from silence (in Latin ''argumentum ex silentio'') is to express a conclusion that is based on the absence of statements in historical documents, rather than on presence.〔"argumentum e silentio ''noun phrase''" ''The Oxford Essential Dictionary of Foreign Terms in English''. Ed. Jennifer Speake. Berkley Books, 1999.〕〔John Lange, ''The Argument from Silence'', History and Theory, Vol. 5, No. 3 (1966), pp. 288–301 ()〕 In the field of classical studies, it often refers to the assertion that an author is ignorant of a subject, based on the lack of references to it in the author's available writings.〔
Thus in historical analysis with an argument from silence, the absence of a reference to an event or a document is used to cast doubt on the event not mentioned.〔 While most historical approaches rely on what an author's works contain, an argument from silence relies on what the book or document does not contain.〔 This approach thus uses what an author "should have said" rather than what is available in the author's extant writings.〔''Seven Pillories of Wisdom'' by David R. Hall 1991 ISBN 0-86554-369-0 pages 55–56.〕〔''Historical evidence and argument'' by David P. Henige 2005 ISBN 978-0-299-21410-4 p. 176.〕
An argument from silence may apply to a document only if the author was expected to have the information, was intending to give a complete account of the situation, and the item was important enough and interesting enough to deserve to be mentioned at the time.〔〔
Arguments from silence, based on a writer's failure to mention an event, are distinct from ''arguments from ignorance'' which rely on a total "absence of evidence" and are widely considered unreliable; however arguments from silence themselves are also generally viewed as rather weak in many cases; or considered as fallacies.〔''The Routledge Companion to Epistemology'' by Sven Bernecker and Duncan Pritchard (Dec 2, 2010) ISBN 0-415-96219-6 Routledge pages 64–65 "arguments from silence are, as a rule, quite weak; there are many examples where reasoning from silence would lead us astray."〕〔
==Historical analysis==
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